Manuscript Preparation Requirements

The title should be concise, accurate, and specific, clearly reflecting the study population, key variables, study design, or main research question. Avoid overly broad, exaggerated, or promotional wording, and avoid abbreviations unless necessary.

• Provide full names, affiliations, cities, countries, email addresses, and corresponding author for all authors
• All authors must have made substantial academic contributions and approve the final submitted version
• Author order must be confirmed by all authors before submission
• Any post-submission changes to authorship require written explanation and confirmation from all authors

Include 3–6 keywords accurately reflecting the topic, study population, research method, or core variables. For medical manuscripts, use standard medical subject terms where possible.

• Describe study population, design, sample source, inclusion/exclusion criteria, interventions, instruments, and statistical analysis in sufficient detail
• Human studies: state ethics committee name, approval number, and informed consent method
• Clinical trials: provide trial registry name and registration number
• Animal studies: describe ethics approval, housing conditions, and humane endpoints
• Statistical methods: state software, version, significance level, tests, effect sizes, and confidence intervals — avoid reporting only P values

• Present findings objectively and completely, corresponding to study objectives and methods
• No subjective interpretation or discussion in this section
• Include relevant statistics, P values, effect sizes, and confidence intervals
• For clinical/rehabilitation/exercise studies, also consider practical significance

• Interpret findings, compare with previous studies, and discuss mechanisms, theoretical significance, and limitations
• Do not interpret correlation as causation unless study design supports causal inference
• Clearly state limitations for small samples, single-center, cross-sectional, or exploratory designs
• Conclusions must be directly supported by results, without unverified generalizations

• Number tables and figures in order of appearance, each with a clear English title
• Legends must explain all abbreviations, statistical symbols, and group descriptions
• Clinical photographs or identifiable images must be authorized or anonymized
• No inappropriate cropping, splicing, enhancement, or modification that changes data meaning

• Cite in square brackets in order of appearance, e.g. [1], [2], [3]
• Follow AMA style (Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals)
• Authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all references
• The reference list must be submitted through the editorial system
• Prioritize recent literature — at least 75% of references from the last 8 years where possible
• Journal references should include author surnames and initials, article title, abbreviated journal title, publication year, volume, issue, and page range.
• More than 3 authors: use "et al." after the third author
• Journal abbreviations should follow the NLM Catalog for Medline/PubMed-indexed journals
• Website references should include the URL and the access date
• Provide full DOI links where available

• Randomized controlled trials: CONSORT
• Observational studies: STROBE
• Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: PRISMA
• Diagnostic accuracy studies: STARD
• Case reports: CARE
• Animal studies: ARRIVE
• Qualitative research: COREQ